docs(cpp14): add 00-generic-lambdas book chapter, exercises, solutions, and build wiring

book/README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 **现代C++标准(cppref)**
 
  - C++11: [中](https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/11) / [En](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/11)
+ - C++14: [中](https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/14) / [En](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/14)

book/en/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 # C++14 Core Language Features
 
+- [Generic Lambdas](./cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.md)
+
 # Additional Resources
 
 - [Changelog](changelog.md)

book/en/src/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.md

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<div align=right>
+
+  🌎 [中文] | [English]
+</div>
+
+[中文]: ../../cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.html
+[English]: ./00-generic-lambdas.html
+
+# Generic Lambdas
+
+C++14 allows lambda parameters to use `auto`, turning the lambda's `operator()` into an implicit function template — a single lambda can accept arguments of different types
+
+| Book | Video | Code | X |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [cppreference-lambda](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda) / [markdown](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/book/en/src/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.md) | [Video Explanation]() | [Exercise Code](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/dslings/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas-0.cpp) |  |
+
+
+**Why introduced?**
+
+- In C++11, lambda parameter types must be explicitly specified — the same lambda cannot be reused for different argument types because `operator()` is a plain member function, not a template
+- Many lambdas express type-independent logic (e.g. `[](auto a, auto b) { return a < b; }` works for `int`, `double`, `string`), but C++11 required writing a separate lambda for each type
+- C++14 allows `auto` in lambda parameters; the compiler generates an implicit template for `operator()`, essentially bringing function templates into the lambda world
+
+**How does it work?**
+
+The compiler expands a generic lambda into a functor class with a **templated `operator()`**. For example, `[](auto a, auto b) { return a + b; }` is internally equivalent to:
+
+```cpp
+struct __lambda {
+    template <typename T1, typename T2>
+    auto operator()(T1 a, T2 b) const {
+        return a + b;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+## I. Basic Usage and Scenarios
+
+### Simple Generic Lambda
+
+> Declare lambda parameters with auto; the compiler generates operator() instances based on the argument types at the call site
+
+```cpp
+auto identity = [](auto x) {
+    return x;
+};
+
+int    i = identity(42);       // x deduced as int
+double d = identity(3.14);     // x deduced as double
+```
+
+### Multi-Parameter Generic Lambda
+
+```cpp
+auto add = [](auto a, auto b) {
+    return a + b;
+};
+
+add(1, 2);           // int + int
+add(1.5, 2.5);       // double + double
+add(std::string("hello "), std::string("world")); // string + string
+```
+
+Each parameter's type is deduced independently; `T1` and `T2` can differ:
+
+```cpp
+auto multiply = [](auto a, auto b) {
+    return a * b;
+};
+
+multiply(2, 3.5);    // int * double → double
+```
+
+### Generic Lambda + STL Algorithms
+
+The most common use case — avoid writing identical logic for every container element type:
+
+```cpp
+std::vector<int> v1 = {5, 1, 4, 2, 8};
+std::vector<double> v2 = {3.1, 2.7, 8.5, 1.9};
+
+// C++11: write separate lambdas for int and double
+std::sort(v1.begin(), v1.end(), [](int a, int b) { return a > b; });
+std::sort(v2.begin(), v2.end(), [](double a, double b) { return a > b; });
+
+// C++14: a single generic lambda handles both
+auto gt = [](auto a, auto b) { return a > b; };
+std::sort(v1.begin(), v1.end(), gt);
+std::sort(v2.begin(), v2.end(), gt);
+```
+
+### Generic Lambda with Captures
+
+Captured variables keep their concrete types; only parameters use `auto`:
+
+```cpp
+int threshold = 10;
+auto above = [threshold](auto x) {
+    return x > threshold;  // threshold is int, x is generic
+};
+
+above(20);   // x = int
+above(3.5);  // x = double
+```
+
+### Generic Lambda Returning Lambda
+
+A generic lambda can return a new lambda, creating a function factory:
+
+```cpp
+auto make_adder = [](auto n) {
+    return [n](auto x) { return x + n; };  // C++14 supports this
+};
+
+auto add5 = make_adder(5);
+add5(10);   // 15
+add5(3.14); // 8.14
+```
+
+## II. Notes
+
+### A Generic Lambda Is a Class with a Templated operator()
+
+Each generic lambda expression produces a distinct closure type. Even two identical-looking generic lambdas have different types — the same rule as regular lambdas, but the `operator()` is a template, so the same type can accept different argument types
+
+```cpp
+auto f = [](auto x) { return x; };
+auto g = [](auto x) { return x; };
+// f and g have different types; cannot be assigned to each other
+```
+
+### Generic Parameters and Perfect Forwarding
+
+Generic lambda parameter deduction strips references and const by default. Use `auto&&` with `std::forward` to preserve them:
+
+```cpp
+auto forwarder = [](auto&& x) -> decltype(auto) {
+    return std::forward<decltype(x)>(x);
+};
+```
+
+This pattern is common with generic lambdas and is a typical use case for `decltype(auto)` (another C++14 feature)
+
+### Generic Lambdas Are Not Variadic
+
+The parameter count is still fixed — `[](auto a, auto b)` accepts exactly two arguments. For variadic parameters, you still need variadic templates (C++20 later added support for `...` parameter packs in lambdas)
+
+## III. Exercise Code
+
+### Exercise Code Topics
+
+- 0 - [Basic Generic Lambda — auto parameters and type deduction](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/dslings/en/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas-0.cpp)
+- 1 - [Generic Lambda with STL Algorithms — sort, find, factory function](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/dslings/en/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas-1.cpp)
+
+### Exercise Auto-Checker Command
+
+```
+d2x checker generic-lambdas
+```
+
+## IV. Other
+
+- [Discussion Forum](https://forum.d2learn.org/category/20)
+- [d2mcpp Tutorial Repository](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp)
+- [Tutorial Video List](https://space.bilibili.com/65858958/lists/5208246)
+- [Tutorial Support Tool - xlings](https://github.com/openxlings/xlings)

book/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 # C++14核心语言特性
 
+- [泛型 lambda - generic lambdas](./cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.md)
+
 # 其他
 
 - [更新日志](changelog.md)

book/src/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.md

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<div align=right>
+
+  🌎 [中文] | [English]
+</div>
+
+[中文]: ./00-generic-lambdas.html
+[English]: ../en/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.html
+
+# 泛型 lambda - generic lambdas
+
+泛型 lambda 是 C++14 在 lambda 表达式上引入的一项重要增强, 允许 lambda 的参数使用 `auto` 类型推导, 使得一个 lambda 表达式可以像函数模板一样处理不同类型的参数
+
+| Book | Video | Code | X |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [cppreference-lambda](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda) / [markdown](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/book/src/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas.md) | [视频解读]() | [练习代码](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/dslings/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas-0.cpp) |  |
+
+
+**为什么引入?**
+
+- C++11 的 lambda 参数类型必须显式指定, 同一个 lambda 无法复用于不同类型的参数 — 本质上 lambda 的 `operator()` 是一个普通成员函数, 不能是模板
+- 在实际编码中, 很多 lambda 的逻辑与类型无关 (例如 `[](int a, int b) { return a < b; }` 中的比较逻辑对 `int` / `double` / `string` 都适用), 但 C++11 要求为每种类型写一份
+- C++14 允许 lambda 参数使用 `auto`, 编译器会为 `operator()` 生成一个隐式的模板, 每种参数类型实例化一份 — 相当于把"函数模板"带到了 lambda 世界里
+
+**泛型 lambda 是如何实现的?**
+
+编译器将泛型 lambda 展开为一个带有**模板化 `operator()`** 的仿函数类。例如 `[](auto a, auto b) { return a + b; }` 在内部等价于:
+
+```cpp
+struct __lambda {
+    template <typename T1, typename T2>
+    auto operator()(T1 a, T2 b) const {
+        return a + b;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+## 一、基础用法和场景
+
+### 简单泛型 lambda
+
+> lambda 参数用 auto 声明, 编译器根据调用时的实参类型生成对应的 operator() 实例
+
+```cpp
+auto identity = [](auto x) {
+    return x;
+};
+
+int    i = identity(42);       // x 推导为 int
+double d = identity(3.14);     // x 推导为 double
+```
+
+### 多参数泛型 lambda
+
+```cpp
+auto add = [](auto a, auto b) {
+    return a + b;
+};
+
+add(1, 2);           // int + int
+add(1.5, 2.5);       // double + double
+add(std::string("hello "), std::string("world")); // string + string
+```
+
+每个参数的类型是独立推导的, `T1` 和 `T2` 可以不同:
+
+```cpp
+auto multiply = [](auto a, auto b) {
+    return a * b;
+};
+
+multiply(2, 3.5);    // int * double → double
+```
+
+### 泛型 lambda + STL 算法
+
+泛型 lambda 最常见的应用场景是配合 STL 算法, 避免为每种容器元素类型重复编写相同逻辑的比较/判据:
+
+```cpp
+std::vector<int> v1 = {5, 1, 4, 2, 8};
+std::vector<double> v2 = {3.1, 2.7, 8.5, 1.9};
+
+// C++11: 需要为 int 和 double 分别写 lambda
+std::sort(v1.begin(), v1.end(), [](int a, int b) { return a > b; });
+std::sort(v2.begin(), v2.end(), [](double a, double b) { return a > b; });
+
+// C++14: 同一个泛型 lambda 搞定
+auto gt = [](auto a, auto b) { return a > b; };
+std::sort(v1.begin(), v1.end(), gt);
+std::sort(v2.begin(), v2.end(), gt);
+```
+
+### 带捕获的泛型 lambda
+
+捕获的变量类型不变, 只有参数用 `auto`:
+
+```cpp
+int threshold = 10;
+auto above = [threshold](auto x) {
+    return x > threshold;  // threshold 捕获为 int, x 是泛型参数
+};
+
+above(20);   // x = int
+above(3.5);  // x = double
+```
+
+### 泛型 lambda 返回 lambda
+
+泛型 lambda 可以返回一个新 lambda, 实现类似"函数工厂"的效果:
+
+```cpp
+auto make_adder = [](auto n) {
+    return [n](auto x) { return x + n; };  // C++14 支持, 返回类型自动推导
+};
+
+auto add5 = make_adder(5);
+add5(10);   // 15
+add5(3.14); // 8.14
+```
+
+## 二、注意事项
+
+### 泛型 lambda 是一个有模板 operator() 的类
+
+每个泛型 lambda 表达式产生一个独立的闭包类型。即使是写法完全相同的两个泛型 lambda, 它们的类型也不同 — 这和普通 lambda 的规则一样, 但泛型 lambda 的 `operator()` 是模板, 所以同一类型可以接受不同参数类型
+
+```cpp
+auto f = [](auto x) { return x; };
+auto g = [](auto x) { return x; };
+// f 和 g 的类型不同, 不能互相赋值
+```
+
+### 泛型参数和完美转发
+
+泛型 lambda 的参数推导默认剥离引用和 const, 需要完整保留时用 `auto&&` 配合 `std::forward`:
+
+```cpp
+auto forwarder = [](auto&& x) -> decltype(auto) {
+    return std::forward<decltype(x)>(x);
+};
+```
+
+这种写法在泛型 lambda 里很常见, 也是 `decltype(auto)` (C++14 的另一特性) 的典型使用场景
+
+### 泛型 lambda 不是 variadic
+
+泛型 lambda 的参数个数仍然是固定的 — `[](auto a, auto b)` 接受恰好两个参数。如果要变参, 仍然需要可变参数模板 (C++20 后才支持 lambda 中使用 `...` 参数包)
+
+## 三、练习代码
+
+### 练习代码主题
+
+- 0 - [泛型 lambda 基础 — auto 参数与类型推导](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/dslings/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas-0.cpp)
+- 1 - [泛型 lambda 与 STL 算法 — 排序、查找、函数工厂](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp/blob/main/dslings/cpp14/00-generic-lambdas-1.cpp)
+
+### 练习代码自动检测命令
+
+```
+d2x checker generic-lambdas
+```
+
+## 四、其他
+
+- [交流讨论](https://forum.d2learn.org/category/20)
+- [d2mcpp教程仓库](https://github.com/mcpp-community/d2mcpp)
+- [教程视频列表](https://space.bilibili.com/65858958/lists/5208246)
+- [教程支持工具-xlings](https://github.com/openxlings/xlings)